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The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu:), also known as the 1973 Constitution is the supreme law of the State of Pakistan. Drafted by the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, with additional assistance from the country's opposition parties, it was approved by the Parliament on April 10 and ratified on 14 August 1973. The original document was drafted by veteran politician M.G.B. Bizenjo and Abdul Hafiz Pirzada. Once the then law minister Abdul Hafiz Pirzada said in a TV interview that the architect of 1973 constitution was Mir Ghaus Baksh Bizenjo. It is Pakistan's third constitution and has been amended several times. The Constitution is intended to guide Pakistan's law and its political culture, and system. It identifies the state (its physical existence and its borders), people and their fundamental rights, state's constitutional law and orders, and also the constitutional structure and establishment of the institutions and the country's armed forces. The first three chapters establish the rules, mandate, and separate powers of the three branches of the government: a bicameral legislature; an executive branch governed by the Prime Minister as chief executive; and an apex federal judiciary headed by Supreme Court.〔 The Constitution designates the President of Pakistan as a ceremonial head of state who is to represent the unity of the state. The first six articles of the constitution outline the political system as federal parliamentary republic system; as well as Islam as its state religion. The Parliament cannot make any laws which may be repugnant or contrary to the Constitution, however the Constitution itself may be amended by a two-thirds majority in both the houses of the bicameral Parliament, unlike the previous legal documents of 1956 and 1962. It has been amended over time, and most recent impulses for political upgrades and reforms has been amended. Although enforced in 1973, Pakistan, however, celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 23 March— when the first set was promulgated in 1956— each and every year as Republic Day. ==Origins and historical background== Pakistan was founded in 1947. Before writing a constitution, a Constituent Assembly passed an Objectives Resolution in March 1949 to define the basic directive principles of the new state. A constitution was approved in 1956 but abrogated in 1958 after a military Coup d'état.〔 Pakistan's second constitution was approved in 1962. It granted executive power to the president and abolished the office of the prime minister. It also institutionalized the intervention of military in politics by providing that for twenty years, the president or the defense minister must be a person who had held a rank not lower than that of lieutenant-general in the army.〔(Backgrounder. Pakistan's Constitution ) Author: Jayshree Bajoria | Council on Foreign Relations | Updated: April 21, 2010〕 The 1962 constitution was suspended in 1969 and abrogated in 1972.〔''Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan'' by Charles Kennedy (Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation, 1996, p.85)〕 The 1973 constitution was the first in Pakistan to be framed by elected representatives. Unlike the 1962 constitution it gave Pakistan a parliamentary democracy with executive power concentrated in the office of the prime minister, and the formal head of state—the president—limited to acting on the advice of the prime minister.〔 After another coup in 1977, the constitution was held in abeyance until it was "restored" in 1985 but with an amendment (the Eighth) shifting power from the parliament and Prime Minister to the president. Another Amendment (Seventeenth) in 2004 continued this shift, but in 2010, the Eighteenth amendment reduced presidential powers, returning the government to a parliamentary republic. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Constitution of Pakistan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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